Insert space for additional async exercises

exercises/105_testing.zig

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+//
+// A big advantage of Zig is the integration of its own test system.
+// This allows the philosophy of Test Driven Development (TDD) to be
+// implemented perfectly. Zig even goes one step further than other
+// languages, the tests can be included directly in the source file.
+//
+// This has several advantages. On the one hand it is much clearer to
+// have everything in one file, both the source code and the associated
+// test code. On the other hand, it is much easier for third parties
+// to understand what exactly a function is supposed to do if they can
+// simply look at the test inside the source and compare both.
+//
+// Especially if you want to understand how e.g. the standard library
+// of Zig works, this approach is very helpful. Furthermore it is very
+// practical, if you want to report a bug to the Zig community, to
+// illustrate it with a small example including a test.
+//
+// Therefore, in this exercise we will deal with the basics of testing
+// in Zig. Basically, tests work as follows: you pass certain parameters
+// to a function, for which you get a return - the result. This is then
+// compared with the EXPECTED value. If both values match, the test is
+// passed, otherwise an error message is displayed.
+//
+//          testing.expect(foo(param1, param2) == expected);
+//
+// Also other comparisons are possible, deviations or also errors can
+// be provoked, which must lead to an appropriate behavior of the
+// function, so that the test is passed.
+//
+// Tests can be run via Zig build system or applied directly to
+// individual modules using "zig test xyz.zig".
+//
+// Both can be used script-driven to execute tests automatically, e.g.
+// after checking into a Git repository. Something we also make extensive
+// use of here at Ziglings.
+//
+const std = @import("std");
+const testing = std.testing;
+
+// This is a simple function that builds a sum from the passed parameters and
+// returns.
+fn add(a: f16, b: f16) f16 {
+    return a + b;
+}
+
+// The associated test. It always starts with the keyword "test", followed by a
+// description of the tasks of the test. This is followed by the test cases in
+// curly brackets.
+test "add" {
+
+    // The first test checks if the sum of '41' and '1' gives '42', which is
+    // correct.
+    try testing.expect(add(41, 1) == 42);
+
+    // Another way to perform this test is as follows:
+    try testing.expectEqual(42, add(41, 1));
+
+    // This time a test with the addition of a negative number:
+    try testing.expect(add(5, -4) == 1);
+
+    // And a floating point operation:
+    try testing.expect(add(1.5, 1.5) == 3);
+}
+
+// Another simple function that returns the result of subtracting the two
+// parameters.
+fn sub(a: f16, b: f16) f16 {
+    return a - b;
+}
+
+// The corresponding test is not much different from the previous one. Except
+// that it contains an error that you need to correct.
+test "sub" {
+    try testing.expect(sub(10, 5) == 6);
+
+    try testing.expect(sub(3, 1.5) == 1.5);
+}
+
+// This function divides the numerator by the denominator. Here it is important
+// that the denominator must not be zero. This is checked and if it occurs an
+// error is returned.
+fn divide(a: f16, b: f16) !f16 {
+    if (b == 0) return error.DivisionByZero;
+    return a / b;
+}
+
+test "divide" {
+    try testing.expect(divide(2, 2) catch unreachable == 1);
+    try testing.expect(divide(-1, -1) catch unreachable == 1);
+    try testing.expect(divide(10, 2) catch unreachable == 5);
+    try testing.expect(divide(1, 3) catch unreachable == 0.3333333333333333);
+
+    // Now we test if the function returns an error if we pass a zero as
+    // denominator. But which error needs to be tested?
+    try testing.expectError(error.???, divide(15, 0));
+}